Gas delivery apparatus for atomic layer deposition

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method for performing a cyclical layer deposition process, such as atomic layer deposition is provided. In one aspect, the apparatus includes a substrate support having a substrate receiving surface, and a chamber lid comprising a tapered passageway extending from a central portion of the chamber lid and a bottom surface extending from the passageway to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid, the bottom surface shaped and sized to substantially cover the substrate receiving surface. The apparatus also includes one or more valves coupled to the gradually expanding channel, and one or more gas sources coupled to each valve.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/397,230, filed on Jul. 19, 2002, and entitled “Improved Deposition Apparatus”, which is incorporated by reference herein. This application also claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/346,086, filed on Oct. 26, 2001, and entitled “Method and Apparatus for ALD Deposition”, which is incorporated by reference herein. This application further claims benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/032,284, filed on Dec. 21, 2001, and entitled “Gas Delivery Apparatus And Method For Atomic Layer Deposition”, which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to an apparatus and method for atomic layer deposition. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to an improved gas delivery apparatus and method for atomic layer deposition.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Reliably producing sub-micron and smaller features is one of the key technologies for the next generation of very large scale integration (VLSI) and ultra large scale integration (ULSI) of semiconductor devices. However, as the fringes of circuit technology are pressed, the shrinking dimensions of interconnects in VLSI and ULSI technology have placed additional demands on the processing capabilities. The multilevel interconnects that lie at the heart of this technology require precise processing of high aspect ratio features, such as vias and other interconnects. Reliable formation of these interconnects is very important to VLSI and ULSI success and to the continued effort to increase circuit density and quality of individual substrates.

[0006] As circuit densities increase, the widths of vias, contacts, and other features, as well as the dielectric materials between them, decrease to sub-micron dimensions (e.g., less than 0.20 micrometers or less), whereas the thickness of the dielectric layers remains substantially constant, with the result that the aspect ratios for the features, i.e., their height divided by width, increase. Many traditional deposition processes have difficulty filling sub-micron structures where the aspect ratio exceeds 4:1, and particularly where the aspect ratio exceeds 10:1. Therefore, there is a great amount of ongoing effort being directed at the formation of substantially void-free and seam-free sub-micron features having high aspect ratios.

[0007] Atomic layer deposition is one deposition technique being explored for the deposition of material layers over features having high aspect ratios. One example of atomic layer deposition comprises the sequential introduction of pulses of gases. For instance, one cycle for the sequential introduction of pulses of gases may comprise a pulse of a first reactant gas, followed by a pulse of a purge gas and/or a pump evacuation, followed by a pulse of a second reactant gas, and followed by a pulse of a purge gas and/or a pump evacuation. The term “gas” as used herein is defined to include a single gas or a plurality gases. Sequential introduction of separate pulses of the first reactant and the second reactant may result in the alternating self-limiting adsorption of monolayers of the reactants on the surface of the substrate and, thus, forms a monolayer of material for each cycle. The cycle may be repeated to a desired thickness of the deposited material. A pulse of a purge gas and/or a pump evacuation between the pulses of the first reactant gas and the pulses of the second reactant gas serves to reduce the likelihood of gas phase reactions of the reactants due to excess amounts of the reactants remaining in the chamber.

[0008] However, there is a need for a new apparatus to perform gas delivery and to perform deposition of films by atomic layer deposition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] An apparatus and method for performing a cyclical layer deposition process, such as atomic layer deposition is provided. In one aspect, the apparatus includes a substrate support having a substrate receiving surface, and a chamber lid comprising a tapered passageway extending from a central portion of the chamber lid and a bottom surface extending from the passageway to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid, the bottom surface shaped and sized to substantially cover the substrate receiving surface. The apparatus also includes one or more valves coupled to the gradually expanding channel, and one or more gas sources coupled to each valve.

[0010] In another aspect, the apparatus includes a substrate support having a substrate receiving surface, a chamber lid comprising an expanding channel extending downwardly to a central portion of the chamber lid and comprising a conical bottom surface of the lid extending from the expanding channel to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid, and one or more gas conduits disposed around an upper portion of the expanding channel, wherein the one or more gas conduits are disposed at an angle from a center of the expanding channel. The apparatus also includes one or more valves coupled to the gradually expanding channel, and a choke disposed on the chamber lid adjacent a perimeter of the conical bottom surface.

[0011] In one aspect, the method comprises: providing one or more gases into the substrate processing chamber in an initial circular direction over a central portion of the substrate; reducing the velocity of the gases through non-adiabatic expansion; providing the gases to a central portion of the substrate; and directing the gases radially across the substrate from the central portion of the substrate to a peripheral portion of the substrate at a substantially uniform velocity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.

[0013] It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

[0014]FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a chamber including a gas delivery apparatus adapted for atomic layer deposition.

[0015]FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a choke disposed on a lower surface of a chamber lid.

[0016]FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a choke disposed on a lower surface of a chamber lid.

[0017]FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a chamber including a gas delivery apparatus adapted for atomic layer deposition.

[0018]FIG. 4 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a valve showing the valve inlets and outlets.

[0019]FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view of an exemplary valve shown in FIG. 4.

[0020]FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a valve illustrating the internal components and mechanisms of the valve.

[0021]FIG. 7 is a graph of a diaphragm moved between an open position and a open position.

[0022]FIG. 8 is a horizontal sectional view of one embodiment of an expanding channel formed within the gas delivery apparatus of the present invention.

[0023]FIG. 9 is a horizontal sectional view of one embodiment of the expanding channel adapted to receive a single gas flow.

[0024]FIG. 10 is a horizontal sectional view of one embodiment of the expanding channel adapted to receive three gas flows.

[0025]FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the expanding channel formed within the gas delivery apparatus of the present invention.

[0026]FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating the flow of a gas at two different positions between the surface of a substrate and the bottom surface of the chamber lid 1.

[0027]FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a chamber including a gas delivery apparatus adapted for atomic layer deposition.

[0028]FIG. 14 shows another embodiment of a chamber including a gas delivery apparatus adapted for atomic layer deposition.

[0029]FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a gas box useful with the gas delivery apparatus of the present invention.

[0030]FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a canister for generating a gas via sublimation within the gas box of FIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0031]FIG. 1 is a schematic partial, cross-sectional view of an exemplary processing system 200 capable of performing cyclical layer deposition, atomic layer deposition, digital chemical vapor deposition, and rapid chemical vapor deposition techniques. The terms “cyclical layer deposition”, “atomic layer deposition”, “digital chemical vapor deposition”, and “rapid chemical vapor deposition” are used interchangeably herein and refer to gas phase deposition techniques whereby two or more compounds are sequentially introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber to deposit a thin layer of material on a substrate surface.

[0032] The chamber 200 includes a chamber body 202, a gas delivery system 230, a vacuum system 278, and a control unit 280. The chamber body 202 has sidewalls 204, a bottom 206, and a liner 299. A slit valve 208 is formed in a sidewall 204 of the chamber body 202 to provide access for a robot (not shown) to deliver and retrieve a substrate 210, such as a 200 mm or 300 mm semiconductor wafer or a glass substrate, from the chamber 200.

[0033] A substrate support 212 is disposed within the chamber body 202 to support a substrate 210 on a substrate receiving surface 211 thereon. A lift motor 214 raises and lowers the substrate support 212. A lift plate 216 connected to a lift motor 218 is mounted in the chamber 200 and raises and lowers pins 220 movably disposed through the substrate support 212. The pins 220 raise and lower the substrate 210 over the receiving surface 211 of the substrate support 212. The substrate support 212 may include a vacuum chuck, an electrostatic chuck, or a clamp ring for securing the substrate 212 to the substrate support 212 during processing. The substrate support 212 may also be heated to heat a substrate 210 disposed thereon. For example, the substrate support 212 may be heated using an embedded heating element, such as a resistive heater, or may be heated using radiant heat, such as heating lamps disposed above the substrate support 212.

[0034] The chamber body 202 also includes a purge ring 222 disposed on the substrate support 212 to define a purge channel 224. A purge gas flows through the purge channel 224 to a peripheral portion of the substrate 210 to prevent deposition thereon.

[0035] The vacuum system 278 is in communication with a pumping channel 279 formed within the sidewall 204 of the chamber body 202. The vacuum system 278 evacuates gases from the chamber body 202 and maintains a desired pressure or a desired pressure range inside a pumping zone 266 of the chamber 202. The pumping zone 266 is formed within the chamber body 202, surrounding the substrate support 212.

[0036] The gas delivery system 230 and the chamber body 202 define a reaction zone 264 within the chamber body 202. The reaction zone 264 is in fluid communication with the substrate support 212. More particularly, the reaction zone 264 includes any volume within the chamber 200 that is between a gas source and the substrate surface. A reactant gas or purge gas can adequately fill the reaction zone 264 and ensure sufficient exposure of the substrate 210 to the reactant gas or purge gas. In conventional chemical vapor deposition, prior art chambers are required to provide a combined flow of reactants simultaneously and uniformly to the entire surface of the substrate in order to ensure that the co-reaction of the reactants occur uniformly across the surface of the substrate. In atomic layer deposition, the chamber 200 sequentially introduces reactants to the substrate surface to provide adsorption of alternating thin layers of the reactants onto the surface of the substrate. As a consequence, atomic layer deposition does not require a flow of reactants which reach the surface of the substrate simultaneously. Instead, a flow of each reactant needs to be provided in an amount which is sufficient for a thin layer of the reactant to be adsorbed on the surface of the substrate.

[0037] Since the reaction zone 264 contains a smaller volume compared to an inner volume of a conventional CVD chamber, a smaller amount of gas is needed to fill the reaction zone 264 for a particular process. For example, in one embodiment, the volume of the reaction zone 264 is about 1000 cm³ or less, preferably 500 cm³ or less, and more preferably 200 cm³ or less for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates. In one embodiment, the volume of the reaction zone 264 is about 3,000 cm³ or less, preferably 1,500 cm³ or less, and more preferably 600 cm³ or less for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates. In one embodiment, the substrate support 212 may be raised or lowered to adjust the volume of the reaction zone 264 for deposition. Because of the smaller volume of the reaction zone 264, less gas, whether a deposition gas or a purge gas, is necessary to be flowed into the chamber 200. Therefore, the throughput of the chamber 200 is greater and waste may be minimized due to the smaller amount of gas used, reducing the cost of operation.

[0038] In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the gas delivery system 230 is disposed at an upper portion of the chamber body 202 to provide a gas, such as a process gas and/or a purge gas, to the chamber body 202. The gas delivery system 230 includes a chamber lid 232 and an expanding channel 234 formed therethrough. The chamber lid 232 includes a bottom surface 260 that is sized and shaped to substantially cover the substrate 210 disposed within the chamber body 202.

[0039] At least a portion of the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 may be tapered from the expanding channel 234 to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid 232 to provide an improved gas velocity profile across the surface of the substrate 210 (i.e., from the center of the substrate to the edge of the substrate). The bottom surface 260 may include one or more tapered surfaces, such as a straight surface, a concave surface, a convex surface, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the bottom surface 260 is tapered in the shape of a funnel. The ratio of the maximum area of the flow section over the minimum area of the flow section between a downwardly sloping bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 and the surface of the substrate 210 is preferably less than about 2, more preferably less than about 1.5, more preferably less than about 1.3, and most preferably about 1.

[0040] Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a gas having an uniform velocity across the surface of the substrate 210 provides a more uniform deposition of the gas on the substrate 210. It is believed that the velocity of the gas is directly proportional to the concentration of the gas, which is in turn, directly proportional to the deposition rate of the gas on the substrate surface. Thus, a higher velocity of a gas at a first area of the surface of the substrate versus a second area of the surface of the substrate is believed to provide a higher deposition of the gas on the first area. Accordingly, it is believed that a chamber lid having a downwardly sloping bottom surface 260 provides a more uniform deposition of the gas across the surface of the substrate because the downwardly sloping bottom surface provides a more uniform velocity and, thus, a more uniform concentration of the gas across the surface of the substrate.

[0041] At least a section of the internal surface of the chamber lid 232, including the expanding channel 234 and the bottom surface 260, has a surface roughness (Ra μin) preferably between about 46 R_(a) and 62 R_(a), preferably about 54 R_(a). In addition, an upper surface of the purge ring 222 and an upper surface of the chamber liner 299 may have a surface roughness between about 46 R_(a) and 62 R_(a), preferably about 54 R_(a). It is believed that these surface roughnesses increase the adhesion of deposited film onto these surfaces. Increased adhesion of the deposited film reduces the likelihood that the deposited film will flake off during processing of substrates and, thus, reduces the likelihood of particle contamination of the substrates. In a preferred embodiment, the surface roughnesses are provided by electropolishing to provide a mirror polished surface. A mirror polished surface helps produce a laminar flow of a gas thereon. In other less preferred embodiments, the surface roughness can by provided by texturing the surface in a suitable lay.

[0042] Control of the chamber lid 232 temperature is important to prevent gas decomposition, deposition, or condensation on the chamber lid 232. Accordingly, the chamber lid 232 may include cooling elements and/or heating elements depending on the particular gas being delivered therethrough. For example, water channels (not shown) may be formed in the chamber lid 232 to cool the chamber lid 232. In another example, heating elements (not shown) may be embedded or may surround components of the chamber lid 232 to heat the chamber lid 232.

[0043] The chamber lid 232 may also include a chamber plate portion 270 and a cap portion 272. The cap portion 272 may be maintained at one temperature range and the plate portion 270 may be maintained at another temperature range. For example, the cap 272 may be heated using heater tape or any other heating device to prevent condensation of reactant gases while the plate portion 270 is maintained at ambient temperature. In another example, the cap 272 may be heated and the plate portion 270 may be cooled with water channels formed therethrough (not shown) to prevent thermal decomposition of reactant gases.

[0044] The chamber lid 232 may be made of stainless steel, aluminum, nickel-plated aluminum, nickel, or other suitable materials compatible with the processing to be performed. In one embodiment, the cap portion 272 comprises stainless steal and the chamber plate portion 270 comprises aluminum. In one embodiment, the additional plate comprises stainless steal. In one embodiment, the expanding channel 234 and the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 may comprise a mirror polished surface to help produce a laminar flow of a gas along the expanding channel 234 and the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232. In another embodiment, the inner surface of the gas conduits 250A, 250B may be electropolished to help produce a laminar flow of a gas therethrough.

[0045] The chamber lid 232 may further include a choke 262 disposed at a peripheral portion of the chamber lid 232, adjacent the periphery of the substrate 210. The choke 262 may be any type of obstruction capable of restricting the flow of gas within the reaction zone 264 at an area adjacent the periphery of the substrate 210. The choke 262 helps maintain a substantially uniform pressure within the reaction zone 264.

[0046] For example, FIG. 2A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the choke 262. In this embodiment, the choke 262 includes a circumferential lateral portion 267. In one aspect, the purge ring 222 may be adapted to direct a purge gas toward the lateral portion 267 of the choke 262.

[0047] As another example, FIG. 2B shows a schematic cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the choke 262. The choke 262 includes a circumferential downwardly extending protrusion 268. In one aspect, the purge ring 222 may be adapted to direct a purge gas toward the circumferential downwardly extending protrusion 268. In one aspect, the thickness of the downwardly extending protrusion 268 is between about 0.01 inches and about 1.0 inch, more preferably 0.01 inches and 0.5 inches.

[0048] The spacing between the choke 262 and the substrate support 212 is typically between about 0.04 inches and about 2.0 inches, and preferably between 0.04 inches and about 0.2 inches. The spacing may vary depending on the gases being delivered and the process conditions during deposition. The choke 262 helps provide a more uniform pressure distribution within the volume of a reaction zone 264 defined between the chamber lid 232 and the substrate 210 by isolating the reaction zone 264 from the non-uniform pressure distribution of the pumping zone 266 (FIG. 1).

[0049] The gas delivery system 230 further includes one or more valves (four are shown 242A, 242B, 252A, 252B) in fluid communication with separate gas sources. Each valve 242A, 242B includes a delivery line 243A, 243B having a valve seat assembly 244A, 244B and each valve 252A, 252B includes a purge line 245A, 245B having a valve seat assembly 246A, 246B. Each delivery line 243A, 243B is in communication with a respective reactant gas source 238, 239 and in communication with a respective gas inlet 236A, 236B of the expanding channel 234. The valve seat assembly 244A, 244B of the delivery line 243A, 243B controls the flow of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 238, 239 to the expanding channel 234. The purge line 245A, 245B is in communication with the purge gas source 240 and intersects the delivery line 243A, 243B downstream of the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B of the delivery line 243A, 243B. The valve seat assembly 246A, 246B of the purge line 245A, 245B controls the flow of the purge gas from the purge gas source 240 to the delivery line 243A, 243B. If a carrier gas is used to deliver reactant gases from the reactant gas source 238, 239, preferably the same gas is used as a carrier gas and a purge gas (i.e. an argon gas used as a carrier gas and a purge gas).

[0050] Programmable logic controllers 248A, 248B may be coupled to the valves 242A, 242B to control actuation of the diaphragms of the valve seat assemblies 244A, 244B, 246A, 246B. Pneumatically actuated valves may provide pulses of gas in time periods as low as about 0.020 seconds. Electrically actuated valves may provide pulses of gas in time periods as low as about 0.005 seconds. An electrically actuated valve typically requires the use of a driver coupled between the valve and the programmable logic controller.

[0051] Each valve 242A, 242B may be a zero dead volume valve to enable flushing of a reactant gas from the delivery line 243A, 243B when the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B of the valve is closed. When the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B is closed, the purge line 245A, 245B may provide a purge gas to flush the delivery line 243A, 243B. The purge line 245A, 245B may be positioned adjacent the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B of the delivery line 243A, 243B. Alternatively, the purge line 245A, 245B is positioned slightly spaced from the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B of the delivery line 243A, 243B, as shown, so that a purge gas is not directly delivered into the valve seat assembly 244A, 244B when open. A zero dead volume valve as used herein is defined as a valve which has negligible dead volume (i.e. not necessarily zero dead volume.)

[0052] Each valve 242A, 242B may be adapted to provide a combined gas flow and/or separate gas flows of the reactant gas 238, 239 and the purge gas 240. In reference to valve 242A, one example of a combined gas flow of the reactant gas 238 and the purge gas 240 provided by valve 242A comprises a continuous flow of a purge gas from the purge gas source 240 through purge line 245A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 238 through delivery line 243A. The continuous flow of the purge gas may be provided by leaving the diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 246A of the purge line 245A open. The pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 238 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat 244A of the delivery line 243A. In reference to valve 242A, one example of separate gas flows of the reactant gas 238 and the purge gas 240 provided by valve 242A comprises pulses of a purge gas from the purge gas source 240 through purge line 245A and pulses of a reactant gas from the reactant gas source 238 through delivery line 243A. The pulses of the purge gas may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat assembly 246A of the valve 252A. The pulses of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source 238 may be provided by opening and closing the diaphragm of the valve seat 244A of the valve 242A.

[0053]FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the gas delivery system 230 having the valves 242A, 242B mounted below the chamber body 202 and coupled to one or more gas lines 255 plumbed through the chamber body 202. The gas lines 255 are in turn coupled to the gas conduits 250A, 250B. The valves 242A, 242B may also be mounted in other positions and to other chamber components, such as on the chamber lid 232.

[0054] In one aspect, the valves 242A, 242B are coupled to separate reactant sources 238, 239 and separate purge gas sources 240, 241. Separate purge gas sources reduce the likelihood of cross-talk between the valves 242A, 242B. In other embodiments, valves 242A and 242B may be coupled to the same purge gas source 240, 241, as described above.

[0055]FIG. 4 shows a schematic, cross sectional view of the valves 242A, 242B, 252A, 252B. Each valve includes a body 110 having three ports, a reactant inlet 112, a purge inlet 114, and an outlet 116 in fluid communication. As described above, the reactant inlet 112 is in fluid communication with a reactant source 238, 239. The purge inlet 114 is in fluid communication with a purge gas source 240, 241, and the outlet 116 is in fluid communication with the processing chamber 200.

[0056]FIG. 5 shows a schematic perspective view of the valve shown in FIG. 4. The valve body 110 may include one or more holes 510 for insertion of an embedded heating element 511. Preferably, the holes 510 are proximate to the reactant inlet 112 (shown in FIG. 4) so that the reactant is heated to prevent condensation of the reactant within the valve 242A, 242B. The valve body 110 may also include one or more holes 520 for insertion of a thermocouple device 521 to monitor the temperature of the valve body 110. For example, a measured temperature may be used in a feedback loop to control electric current applied to the heating element 511 from a power supply, such that the valve body temperature can be maintained or controlled at a desired temperature or within a desired temperature range. The holes 510 and 520 may be positioned in close proximity, preferably at a distance of about 2.0 mm or less, to the reactant inlet 112 to better provide heating of the reactant inlet and to better monitor the temperature of the reactant inlet 112. Preferably, each hole 510 for an embedded heating element is disposed in a direction parallel to the plane of the inlets 112, 114 and the outlet 116 so that the embedded heating element may also provide a more uniform heating of the inlets 112, 114 and the outlet 116.

[0057]FIG. 6 shows a diaphragm 134 is mounted over a valve seat 120, within the valve chamber 111. The diaphragm 134 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of one of the valves 242A, 242B. However, the diaphragm is typically biased in a closed position, and is selectively moved between an open position (as shown) and a closed position. The diaphragm 134 is attached to a stem 336 which extends through, and is slidably supported by a bonnet 332. The stem 336 selectively moves the diaphragm 134 between a closed position and an open position. A cylinder 340 is fixed to the top of the bonnet 332 and houses a piston 342. The top of the stem 336 protrudes from the bonnet 332 and is attached to a lower surface of the piston 342. A spring 344 rests between the bonnet 332 and the lower surface of the piston 342 and urges the piston 342 and the stem 336 upwardly. The cylinder 340 forms an actuation chamber 346 between an upper surface of the piston 342 and the inner surface of the cylinder 340.

[0058] The diaphragm 134 may be actuated pneumatically or electronically. Preferably, the diaphragm is actuated pneumatically by controlling pressurized gas from a pressurized gas supply 150, such as air or other gas, to selectively move the diaphragm 134. Although the diaphragm 134 is pneumatically actuated, an electronically controlled valve 152, such as a solenoid valve, may be mounted or coupled to the cylinder 340 to selectively provide the pressurized gas from the pressurized gas supply 150 through a gas line 151. Although an electronically controlled valve 152 provides pressurized gas to the diaphragm assembly 130, the valves 242A, 242B are pneumatically actuated valves since the diaphragms 134 is, actuated pneumatically.

[0059] The diaphragm 134 may be biased open or closed and may be actuated closed or opened respectively. In an open position, the diaphragm 134 allows the in flow of a reactant from the reactant inlet 112 and the in flow of a purge gas from the purge inlet 114 through the valve chamber 111 to the outlet 116 and into the chamber body 202. In a closed position, the diaphragm 134 is in contact with the valve seat 120 to prevent in flow of a reactant from the reactant inlet 112 through the valve chamber 111. In certain preferred embodiments, in a closed position, the diaphragm 134 does not block the in flow of the purge gas from the purge inlet 114 through the valve chamber 111 to the outlet 116 and into the chamber body 202. The valve chamber 111 may further comprise a groove 122 formed in the valve body 110 below the valve seat 120 so that the purge inlet 114 and the outlet 116 remain in fluid communication whether the diaphragm 134 is in a closed position or open position. As shown, the groove 122 is annular in shape, but may be any suitable shape.

[0060] The valve seat 120 may be an integral piece with the valve body 110. In an alternative embodiment, the valve seat 120 may be a separate piece from the valve body 110. The valve seat 120 is preferably made of a chemically resistant material which does not react with the reactant provided through the reactant inlet 112. Examples of chemically resistant material include polyimide (PI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polychlorotriflouroethylene (PCTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), and other suitable polymers. In less preferred embodiments, the valve seat 120 may be made of metals, metal alloys, and other suitable materials. In certain embodiments, depending on the reactant provided therethough, the valve body 110 is heated to a temperature between about 80° C. and about 90C. to prevent condensation of the reactant on the diaphragm 134 or other valve 242A, 242B components. If ammonia gas is used as a reactant, the valve seat 120 is preferably made of a chemically resistant polyimide, such as VESPEL® CR-6100. It has been shown that ammonia gas is chemically inert with the polyimide VESPEL® CR-6100 at temperatures of 80° C. or above while ammonia gas may react with other polyimides at temperatures of 80° C. or above.

[0061] Regarding the operation of the valves 242A, 242B, programmable logic controllers (PLC) 248A, 248B are coupled to the valves 242A, 242B to control electrical signals to the electronically controlled valve 152. The electronically controlled valve 152, when open, supplies pressurized gas through the connector 349 into the actuation chamber 346 creating a pressure that forces the piston 342 and the stem 336 downward against the elastic force of spring 344. The center portion of the diaphragm 134 is pressed downward by stem 336 and comes into contact with the valve seat 120 closing the inflow of reactant from the reactant inlet 112 to the outlet 116. When the diaphragm 134 is in contact with the valve seat 120, the diaphragm 134 does not block off the groove 122 and a purge gas may flow from the purge gas inlet 114 to the outlet 116. The electronically controlled valve 152, when closed, stops the supply of pressurized gas and releases the pressurized gas inside the actuation chamber 346. When the supply of pressurized gas is stopped and pressure inside the actuation chamber 346 is released, the piston 342 and the stem 336 are raised by the elastic force of the spring 344. As the piston 342 and the stem 336 rise, the diaphragm 134 moves away from the valve seat 120 of the valve body 110 allowing the inflow of reactant from the reactant inlet 112 to the outlet 116.

[0062] The diaphragm 134 is moved between an open position and a closed position to provide pulses of a reactant to the outlet 116 and into the chamber body 202. Since the diaphragm 134 in a closed position does not block off the groove 122, a continuous flow of purge gas may be provided from the purge inlet 114 through the valve chamber 111 and out to the outlet 116. As a consequence, the pulses of reactant may be dosed into the continuous flow of purge gas provided through the valve chamber 111. The continuous flow of purge gas provided through the valve chamber 111 flushes residual reactant remaining in the valve chamber 111 between pulses of reactants. In one aspect, each of the valves 242A, 242B has a zero dead volume since there is negligible dead volume between the flow path of the purge gas through the valve body 110 to the valve seat 120 of the reactant inlet 112.

[0063]FIG. 7 is a graph of a diaphragm, such as a diaphragm 134 of one of the valves 242A or 242B, moved between a closed position and an open position. The term “response time” as used herein is defined as the time to move the diaphragm of a valve from an open position to a closed position or from a closed position to an open position. The response time to move the diaphragm of a valve from an open position to a closed position and the response time to move the diaphragm of a valve from a closed position to an open position may be the same or may be different, but are preferably approximately the same. Preferably, valves 242A, 242B have a response time of about 50 msec or less, more preferably 20 msec or less. It has been observed that a valve, such as valve 242A or 242B, with an internal volume of the actuation chamber of about 2.8 cm³ has a response time of about 40 msec or less. It has been observed that a valve, such as valve 242A or 242B, with an internal volume of the actuation chamber of about 0.9 cm³ has a response time of about 15 msec or less.

[0064] Reducing the response time of a valve assembly permits more cycles of pulses of reactants to be provided over time. Therefore, throughput of processing substrates is increased. However, the valves 242A, 242B can be operated to any desired pulse time 720. The term “pulse time” as used herein is defined as the time to move a diaphragm from a fully closed position to a fully open position and back to the fully closed position. The valves 242A, 242B may be operated to provide pulse times of about 1.0 second or less, about 500 msec or less, and even about 200 msec or less.

[0065] Pneumatic control of the diaphragm 134 provides a “soft” landing of the diaphragm 134 against the valve seat 120 in comparison to diaphragms driven up and down by a solenoid. The “soft” landing reduces the formation of particles during movement of the diaphragm between an opened position and a closed position caused by the impact of the diaphragm 134 against the valve seat 120. The “soft” landing also provides the reactant through the valve assembly 100 in more of a laminar flow in comparison to a “hard” landing caused by moving the diaphragm directly by a solenoid.

[0066] In certain embodiments, the internal volume of the actuation chamber 346 comprises a small volume, preferably about 3.0 cm³ or less, more preferably about 1.0 cm³ or less. The term “internal volume of the actuation chamber” as used herein refers to the inner volume of the actuation chamber when the pressure inside the actuation chamber is released and includes the inner volume of the connector 349 and any gas lines between the actuation chamber 346 and the electrically controlled valve 152. A small internal volume of the actuation chamber 346 can be pressurized more rapidly and as a consequence can actuate the diaphragm 134 more rapidly.

[0067] The electronically controlled valve 152 is mounted to the cylinder 340 of the diaphragm assembly 130 to reduce the added volume of a gas line to the internal volume of the actuation chamber. An added volume of a gas line will increase the internal volume of the actuation chamber and will, thus, increase the time required to pressurize the actuation chamber 346 and, thus, will increase the response time of the valve 242A, 242B. In alternative embodiments, if a gas line is used to couple the electronically controlled valve 152 to the cylinder 340 of the diaphragm assembly 130 the length of the gas line is preferably about 1.0 inch or less to reduce the internal volume of the actuation chamber.

[0068] The gas line 151 connecting the pressurized gas supply 150 to the electronically controlled valve 152 preferably has an inner diameter of greater than about 0.125 inches, more preferably about 0.25 inches or more. The larger inner diameter of the gas line 151 facilitates the filling of the internal volume of the actuation chamber 346 by providing a greater conductance of pressurized gas therethrough. As a consequence, a larger inner diameter of the gas line 151 supplying pressurized gas to the electronically controlled valve 152 reduces the response time of the valve assembly 242A, 242B.

[0069] Referring again to FIG. 1, the valves 242A, 242B are in fluid communication with the expanding channel 234 via gas inlets 236B, that are coupled to the delivery lines 243B. In one aspect, the gas inlets 236A, 236B are located adjacent the upper portion 237 of the expanding channel 234. In another aspect, the gas inlets 236A, 236B are located along the length of the expanding channel 234 between the upper portion 237 and the lower portion 235. The delivery lines 243A, 243B of the valves 242A, 242B may be coupled to the gas inlets 236A, 236B through gas conduits 250A, 250B. The gas conduits 250A, 250B may be integrated or may be separate from the valves 242A, 242B. In one aspect, the valves 242A, 242B are coupled in close proximity to the expanding channel 234 to reduce any unnecessary volume of the delivery line 243A, 243B and the gas conduits 250A, 250B between the valves 242A, 242B and the gas inlets 236A, 236B.

[0070] The expanding channel 234 has an inner diameter that increases from an upper portion 237 to a lower portion 235 thereof. In one specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 234 for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches about 1.0 inches, more preferably between about 0.3 and about 0.9 inches, and more preferably between 0.3 inches and about 0.5 at the upper portion 237 of the expanding channel 234 and between about 0.5 inches and about 3.0 inches, preferably between about 0.75 inches and about 2.5 inches, and more preferably between about 1.1 inches and about 2.0 inches at the lower portion 235 of the expanding channel 234 In another specific embodiment, the inner diameter of the expanding channel 234 for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates is between about 0.2 inches about 1.0 inches, more preferably between about 0.3 and about 0.9 inches, and more preferably between 0.3 inches and about 0.5 at the upper portion 237 of the expanding channel 234 and between about 0.5 inches and about 3.0 inches, preferably between about 0.75 inches and about 2.5 inches, and more preferably between about 1.2 inches and about 2.2 inches at the lower portion 235 of the expanding channel 234 for a 300 mm substrate. In general, the above dimensions apply to an expanding channel adapted to provide a total gas flow of between about 500 sccm and about 3,000 sccm. However, the dimensions may be altered to accommodate any gas flow therethough.

[0071] The expanding channel 234 may be shaped as a truncated cone (including shapes resembling a truncated cone). Whether a gas is provided toward the walls of the expanding channel 234 or directly downward towards the substrate 210, the velocity of the gas flow decreases as the gas flow travels through the expanding channel 234 due to the expansion of the gas. The reduction of the velocity of the gas flow helps reduce the likelihood of the gas blowing off reactants adsorbed on the surface of the substrate 210.

[0072] Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the diameter of the expanding channel 234, which is gradually increasing from the upper portion 237 to the lower portion 235, allows less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas flowing through the expanding channel 234 which helps to control the temperature of the gas. A sudden adiabatic expansion of a gas flowing through the expanding channel 234 may decrease the temperature of the gas resulting in condensation of the gas and formation of particles. Creating less of an adiabatic expansion of a gas, more heat may be transferred to or from the gas and thus, the temperature of the gas may be more easily controlled. The gradually expanding channel may comprise one or more tapered inner surfaces, such as a tapered straight surface, a concave surface, a convex surface, or combinations thereof or may comprise sections of one or more tapered inner surfaces (i.e. a portion tapered and a portion non-tapered).

[0073]FIG. 8 is a top cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the expanding section 234 of the chamber lid 232. Each gas conduit 250A, 250B may be positioned at an angle a from the center line 302 of the gas conduit 250A, 250B and from a radius line 304 from the center of the expanding channel 234. Entry of a gas through the gas conduit 250A, 250B preferably positioned at an angle α (i.e., when α>0°) causes the gas to flow in a circular direction as shown by arrow 310A (or 310B). Providing gas at an angle a as opposed to directly straight-on to the walls of the expanding channel (i.e. when α=0°) helps to provide a more laminar flow through the expanding channel 234 rather than a turbulent flow. It is believed that a laminar flow through the expanding channel 234 results in an improved purging of the inner surface of the expanding channel 234 and other surfaces of the chamber lid 232. In comparison, a turbulent flow may not uniformly flow across the inner surface of the expanding channel 234 and other surfaces and may contain dead spots or stagnant spots in which there is no gas flow. In one aspect, the gas conduits 250A, 250B and the corresponding gas inlets 236A, 236B are spaced out from each other and direct a flow in the same circular direction (i.e., clockwise or counter-clockwise).

[0074]FIG. 9 is a top cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the expanding channel of the chamber lid which is adapted to receive a single gas flow through one gas inlet 636 from one gas conduit 650 coupled to a single or a plurality of valves (not shown). The gas conduit 650 may be positioned at an angle a from the center line 602 of the gas conduit 650 and from a radius line 604 from the center of the expanding channel 634. The gas conduit 650 positioned at an angle α(i.e., when α>0°) causes a gas to flow in a circular direction as shown by arrow 610.

[0075]FIG. 10 is a top cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the expanding channel of the chamber lid which is adapted to receive three gas flows together, partially together (i.e. two of three gas flows together), or separately through three gas inlets 736A, 736B, 736C from three gas conduits 750A, 750B, 750C in which each conduit is coupled to a single or a plurality of valves (not shown). The gas conduits 750A, 750B, 750C may be positioned at an angle a from the center line 702 of the gas conduits 750A, 750B, 750C and from a radius line 704 from the center of the expanding channel 734. The gas conduits 750A, 750B, 750C positioned at an angle a (i.e., when α>0°) causes a gas to flow in a circular direction as shown by arrow 710.

[0076]FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the expanding channel 234 showing a simplified representation of two gas flows therethrough. Each gas conduit 250A, 250B and gas inlet 236A, 236B may be positioned in any relationship to a longitudinal axis 290 of the expanding channel. Each gas conduit 250A, 250B and gas inlet 236A, 236B are preferably positioned normal (in which +B, −B=to 90°) to the longitudinal axis 290 or positioned at an angle +B or an angle −B (in which 0° <+B <90°0 or 0°<−B <90°) from the centerline 302A, 302B of the gas conduit 250A, 250B to the longitudinal axis 290. Therefore, the gas conduit 250A, 250B may be positioned horizontally normal to the longitudinal axis 290 as shown in FIG. 3, may be angled downwardly at an angle +B, or may be angled upwardly at an angle −B to provide a gas flow toward the walls of the expanding channel 234 rather than directly downward towards the substrate 210 which helps reduce the likelihood of blowing off reactants absorbed on the surface of the substrate 210. In addition, the diameter of the gas conduits 250A, 250B may be increasing from the delivery lines 243A, 243B of the valves 242A, 242B to the gas inlet 236A, 236B to help reduce the velocity of the gas flow prior to its entry into the expanding channel 234. For example, the gas conduits 250A, 250B may comprise an inner diameter which is gradually increasing or may comprise a plurality of connected conduits having increasing inner diameters.

[0077] Although the exact flow pattern through the expanding channel 234 is not known, it is believed that the circular flow 310 may travel as a “vortex” or “spiral” flow 402A, 402B through the expanding channel 234 as shown by arrows 402A, 402B. In one aspect, the vortex flow may help to establish a more efficient purge of the expanding channel 234 due to the sweeping action of the vortex flow pattern across the inner surface of the expanding channel 234.

[0078] In one embodiment, the distance 410 between the gas inlets 236A, 236B and the substrate 210 is made far enough that the “vortex” flow 402 dissipates to a downwardly flow as shown by arrows 404 as a spiral flow across the surface of the substrate 210 may not be desirable. It is believed that the “vortex” flow 402 and the downwardly flow 404 proceeds in a laminar manner efficiently purging the chamber lid 232 and the substrate 210. In one specific embodiment the distance 410 between the upper portion 237 of the expanding channel 234 and the substrate 210 is about 1.0 inches or more, more preferably about 2.0 inches or more. In one specific embodiment, the upper limit of the distance 410 is dictated by practical limitations. For example, if the distance 410 is very long, then the residence time of a gas traveling though the expanding channel 234 would be long, then the time for a gas to deposit onto the substrate would be long, and then throughput would be low. In addition, if distance 410 is very long, manufacturing of the expanding channel 234 would be difficult. In general, the upper limit of distance 410 may be 3 inches or more for a chamber adapted to process 200 mm diameter substrates or 5 inches or more for a chamber adapted to process 300 mm diameter substrates.

[0079]FIG. 12 shows a schematic view illustrating the flow of a gas at two different positions 502, 504 between the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 and the surface of a substrate 210. The velocity of the gas at any flow section, i.e. at any radius, is theoretically determined by the equation below:

Q/A=V  (1)

[0080] “Q” is the flow of the gas. “A” is the area of the flow section. “V” is the velocity of the gas. The velocity of the gas is inversely proportional to the area of the flow section (H×2π R ), in which “H” is the height of the flow section and “2π R” is the circumference of the flow section. In other words, the velocity of a gas is inversely proportional to the height “H” of the flow section and the radius “R” of the flow section.

[0081] Comparing the velocity of the flow section at position 502 and position 504, assuming that the flow “Q” of the gas at all positions between the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 and the surface of the substrate 210 is equal, the velocity of the gas may be theoretically made equal by having the area “A” of the flow sections equal. For the area of flow sections at position 502 and position 504 to be equal, the height H₁ at position 502 must be greater than the height H₂ since R₂ >R₁.

[0082] In operation, a substrate 210 is delivered to the chamber 200 through the opening 208 by a robot (not shown). The substrate 210 is positioned on the substrate support 212 through cooperation of the lift pins 220 and the robot. The substrate support 212 raises the substrate 210 into close opposition to the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232. A first gas flow may be injected into the expanding channel 234 of the chamber 200 by valve 242A together or separately (i.e. pulses) with a second gas flow injected into the chamber 200 by valve 242B. The first gas flow may comprise a continuous flow of a purge gas from purge gas source 240 and pulses of a reactant gas from reactant gas source 238 or may comprise pulses of a reactant gas from reactant gas source 238 and pulses of a purge gas from purge gas source 240. The second gas flow may comprises a continuous flow of a purge gas from purge gas source 240 and pulses of a reactant gas from reactant gas source 239 or may comprise pulses of a reactant gas from reactant gas source 239 and pulses of a purge gas from purge gas source 240. The gas flow travels through the expanding channel 234 as a vortex flow pattern 402 which provides a sweeping action across the inner surface of the expanding channel 234. The vortex flow pattern 402 dissipates to a downwardly flow 404 toward the surface of the substrate 210. The velocity of the gas flow reduces as it travels through the expanding channel 234. The gas flow then travels across the surface of the substrate 210 and across the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232. The bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232, which is downwardly sloping, helps reduce the variation of the velocity of the gas flow across the surface of the substrate 210. The gas flow then travels by the choke 262 and into the pumping zone 266 of the chamber 200. Excess gas, by-products, etc. flow into the pumping channel 279 and are then exhausted from the chamber 200 by the vacuum system 278. In one aspect, the gas flow proceeds through the expanding channel 234 and between the surface of the substrate 210 and the bottom surface 260 of the chamber lid 232 in a laminar manner which aids in uniform exposure of a reactant gas to the surface of the substrate 210 and efficient purging of inner surfaces of the chamber lid 232.

[0083]FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate alternative embodiments of a gas delivery system capable of performing atomic layer deposition according to the present invention. Since some components are the same or similar to those described above, like numbers have been used where appropriate.

[0084] More particularly, FIG. 13 shows a chamber 800 having a gas delivery apparatus 830 comprising a chamber lid 832 that has a substantically flat bottom surface 860. In one aspect, the spacing between the choke 262 and the substrate support 210 is between about 0.04 inches and about 2.0 inches, more preferably between about 0.04 inches and about 0.2 inches.

[0085]FIG. 14 shows a chamber 900 having a gas delivery apparatus 930 comprising a chamber lid 932 that provides a reaction zone 964 having a small volume and that provides a downwardly sloping or funnel shaped bottom surface 960. Gas sources 937 are coupled to the passageway 933 through one or more valves 941. In one aspect, the passageway 933 has a long length to reduce the likelihood that a gas introduced through valve 941 will blow off reactants absorbed on the surface of the substrate 210.

[0086]FIG. 15 is a schematic view of one embodiment of a gas box 1000 useful with the present invention. For clarity and ease of description, the gas box 1000 will be described with reference to the chamber 200 shown in FIG. 3. The gas box 1000 provides one or more compounds to the valves 242A, 242B. The gas box 1000 may be a single or a plurality of gas box sections (two are shown 1000A, 1000B). Each gas box section 1000A, 1000B may also include a connection 1010 to a respective purge gas source 240, 241. The gas box sections 1000A, 1000B may further include various valves for regulating or otherwise controlling the compounds provided to the valves 242A, 242B.

[0087]FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the canister 1300 for generating a gas via sublimation from a solid reactant source, such as PDMAT. The canister 1330 may be adapted to provide a gas from a liquid reactant source. In general, the canister 1330 includes a sidewall 1202, a lid 1204 and a bottom 1232 enclosing an interior volume 1238. At least one of the lid 1204 or sidewall 1202 contains an inlet port 1206 and an outlet port 1208 for gas entry and egress. Inlet and outlet ports 1206, 1208 are coupled to valves 1112, 1114 fitted with mating disconnect fittings 1236A, 1236B to facilitate removal of the canister 1300 from the gas delivery system 230. Optionally, an oil trap 1250 is coupled between the outlet port 1208 and the valve 1114 to capture any oil particulate that may be present in the gas flowing to the process chamber 200.

[0088] The interior volume 1238 of the canister 1300 is split into an upper region 1218 and a lower region 1234. Source solids 1214 at least partially fill the lower region 1234. A tube 1302 is disposed in the interior volume 1238 of the canister 1300 and is adapted to direct a flow of gas within the canister 1300 away from the source solids 1214 advantageously preventing gas flowing out of the tube 1302 from directly impinging the source solids 1214 and causing particulates to become airborne and carried through the outlet port 1208 and into the processing chamber 200.

[0089] The tube 1302 is coupled at a first end 1304 to the inlet port 1206. The tube 1302 extends from the first end 1304 to a second end 1326A that is positioned in the upper region 1218 above the source solids 1214. The second end 1326A may be adapted to direct the flow of gas toward the sidewall 1202, thus preventing direct (linear) flow of the gas through the canister 1300 between the ports 1206, 1208, creating an extended mean flow path.

[0090] In one embodiment, an outlet 1306 of the second end 1326A of the tube 1302 is positioned at an angle of about 15 to about 90 degrees relative to a center axis 1308 of the canister 1300. In another embodiment, the tube 1302 has a ‘J’-shaped second end 1326B that directs the flow of gas exiting the outlet 1306 towards the lid 1204 of the canister 1300. In another embodiment, the tube 1302 has a second end 1326C having a plug or cap 1310 closing the end of the tube 1302. The second end 1326C has at least one opening 1328 formed in the side of the tube 1302 proximate the cap 1310. Gas, exiting the openings 1328, is typically directed perpendicular to the center axis 1308 and away from the source solids 1214 disposed in the lower region 1234 of the canister 1300. Optionally, an at least one baffle 1210 (shown in phantom) as described above may be disposed within the chamber 1300 and utilized in tandem with any of the embodiments of the tube 1302 described above.

[0091] In operation, the lower region 1234 of the canister 1300 is at least partially filled with a source solid 1214. Alternatively, a liquid 1216 may be added to the source solid 1214 to form a slurry 1212. The canister 1300 is held at a desired pressure and is heated to a desired temperature by a resistive heater 1230 located proximate to the canister 1300. A carrier gas, such as argon gas, is flowed through the inlet port 1206 and the tube 1302 into the upper region 1218 at a desired rate. The second end 1326A of the tube 1302 directs the flow of the carrier gas in an extended mean flow path away from the outlet port 1208, advantageously increasing the mean dwell time of the carrier gas in the upper region 1218 of the canister 1300 and preventing direct flow of carrier gas upon the source solids 1214 to minimize particulate generation. The increased dwell time in the canister 1300 advantageously increases the saturation level of vapors of the sublimated solid within the carrier gas while the decrease in particulate generation improves product yields, conserves source solids, and reduces downstream contamination.

[0092] Referring to FIG. 15, the temperature of various components of the chamber 200 and the gas box 1000 may be controlled to reduce unwanted particle formation in the chamber. For example, controlling the temperature may prevent gas decomposition, deposition, or condensation on various components of the chamber 200 and the gas box 1000. For example, it may be desirable that the flow paths of the reactants from the reactant source to the gas distribution system 230 are at a relatively high temperature to prevent condensation (i.e. vapor to solid or vapor to liquid) of the reactants in the flow path. It may be desirable that the chamber body 202 and the chamber lid 232 are at a relatively low temperature to prevent deposition of the reactants on the surfaces of the chamber body and the chamber lid.

[0093] In one embodiment, the canister 1300 is maintained at a temperature between about 60° C. to about 70° C. The gas lines (denoted by area 1330) from the canister 1300 to the valve 242A and from the canister 1300 to the foreline are maintained, such as by heater tape or other heating device, at a temperature between about 80° C. and about 90° C. The valve 242A is maintained at a temperature between about 80° C. and about 90° C. The gas line 255 (denoted by area 1332) from the valve 242A to the chamber body 202 is maintained, such as by heater tape or other heating device, at a temperature between about 85° C. and about 95° C. Preferably, there is a slight increasing temperature gradient of the flow path of the reactant from the canister 1300 to the chamber body 202 so that any condensation of the reactant will flow toward the canister rather than toward the chamber body 202. In addition, the purge gas source 240 preferably provides a pre-heated purge gas, such as argon gas, at a temperature between about 85° C. and about 95° C. The pre-heated purge gas helps reduce the likelihood of particle formation at area 1332 due the expansion of gases at area 1332 due to the increased volume at area 1332.

[0094] Then, gas line 255 (denoted by area 1334) from the chamber plate portion 270 to the cap 272 is maintained, such as by a cartridge heater or heater tape, at a temperature between about 45° C. and about 55° C. In other embodiments, area 1334 is not directly heated (i.e. there is no heating device directly controlling the temperature of area 1334).

[0095] In one embodiment, the gas lines from the purge gas source and the nitrogen containing source to the valve 242B are not heated. Valve 242B is not heated. The gas line 255 from the valve 242B to the chamber body 202 and the gas line 255 from the chamber plate portion 270 to the cap 272 are also not heated.

[0096] In one embodiment, the chamber sidewalls 204 are maintained at a temperature between about 20° C. and about 25° C. The chamber plate portion 270 is maintained at a temperature between about 25° C. and about 35° C. The cap 272 is maintained at a temperature between about 30° C. and about 40° C. The chamber sidewall 202 may be maintained at a desired temperature by forming channels 295 (FIG. 1) therethrough and providing a temperature control fluid, such as a cooling fluid or heating fluid, through the channels.

[0097] In one embodiment, the chamber plate portion 270 and the cap 272 do not include heating or cooling elements. Cooling of the chamber plate portion 270 and the cap 272 are provided by heat transfer from the chamber plate portion 270 and the cap 272 to the chamber sidewalls 204. In other embodiments, the chamber plate portion 270 and the cap 272 may include cooling elements and/or heating elements. In one embodiment, the gas lines 255 plumbed through the chamber body 202 do not contact the chamber body 202 and/or are separated from the chamber body 202 by an insulator which minimizes the heat transfer between the gas lines 255 and the chamber body 202.

[0098] In certain embodiments, the valves 242A, 242B are mounted apart or away from the chamber lid 232, such as below the chamber body 202 as shown in FIG. 1, to simplify control of the temperature of the chamber lid 232. For example, a heated valve mounted to or in close proximity to the chamber lid 232 may transfer heat to the chamber lid 232. Heat transferred to the chamber lid 232 may cause or increase unwanted deposition of gases on the interior surfaces thereof, such as on the expanding channel 234 and the bottom surface 260. The valves 242A, 242B mounted away from the lid do not significantly increase the volume of reaction zone 264 because there is little or no backstreaming of gases into the gas conduits 250A, 250B. For example, with a continuous flow of a purge provided by the valves 242A, 242B with reactants dosed into the purge gas stream, there is a substantially constant forward flow of gases provided through the gas conduits 250A, 250B into the chamber body 202.

[0099] The control unit 280, such as a programmed personal computer, work station computer, or the like, may be coupled to the chamber 200 to control processing conditions, as shown in FIG. 1. For example, the control unit 280 may be configured to control flow of various process gases and purge gases from gas sources 238, 239, 240 through the valves 242A, 242B during different stages of a substrate process sequence. The control unit 280 may include a central processing unit (CPU) 282, support circuitry 284, and memory 286 containing associated control software 283.

[0100] The control unit 280 may be one of any form of general purpose computer processor that can be used in an industrial setting for controlling various chambers and sub-processors. The CPU 282 may use any suitable memory 286, such as random access memory, read only memory, floppy disk drive, hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. Various support circuits may be coupled to the CPU 282 for supporting the chamber 200. The control unit 280 may be coupled to another controller that is located adjacent individual chamber components, such as the programmable logic controllers 248A, 248B of the valves 242A, 242B. Bi-directional communications between the control unit 280 and various other components of the chamber 200 are handled through numerous signal cables collectively referred to as signal buses 288, some of which are illustrated in FIG. 1. In addition to control of process gases and purge gases from gas sources 238, 239, 240 and from the programmable logic controllers 248A, 248B of the valves 242A, 242B, the control unit 280 may be configured to be responsible for automated control of other activities used in wafer processing, such as wafer transport, temperature control, chamber evacuation, among other activities, some of which are described elsewhere herein.

[0101] The processing chamber 200 and the gas delivery apparatus 230, described above may be used to advantage to implement cyclical deposition of elements, which include but are not limited to, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, and copper, or to implement cyclical deposition of compounds or alloys/combination films, which include but are not limited to tantalum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium nitride, titanium silicon nitride, tungsten nitride, tungsten silicon nitride, and copper aluminum on a substrate surface. The processing chamber 200 and the gas delivery apparatus 230, as described above, may also be used to advantage to implement chemical vapor deposition of various materials on a substrate surface.

[0102] A “substrate surface”, as used herein, refers to any substrate surface upon which film processing is performed. For example, a substrate surface may include silicon, silicon oxide, doped silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, glass, sapphire, and any other materials such as metals, metal nitrides, metal alloys, and other conductive materials, depending on the application. A substrate surface may also include dielectric materials such as silicon dioxide and carbon doped silicon oxides.

[0103] “Cyclical deposition” as used herein refers to the sequential introduction of two or more reactive compounds to deposit a mono layer of material on a substrate surface. The two or more reactive compounds are alternatively introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber. Each reactive compound is separated by a time delay to allow each compound to adhere and/or react on the substrate surface. In one aspect, a first precursor or compound A is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a first time delay. Next, a second precursor or compound B is pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a second delay. When a ternary material is desired, such as titanium silicon nitride, for example, a third compound (C), is dosed/pulsed into the reaction zone followed by a third time delay. During each time delay an inert gas, such as argon, is introduced into the processing chamber to purge the reaction zone or otherwise remove any residual reactive compound from the reaction zone. Alternatively, the purge gas may flow continuously throughout the deposition process so that only the purge gas flows during the time delay between pulses of reactive compounds. The reactive compounds are alternatively pulsed until a desired film or film thickness is formed on the substrate surface.

[0104] A “pulse” or “dose” as used herein is intended to refer to a quantity of a particular compound that is intermittently or non-continuously introduced into a reaction zone of a processing chamber. The quantity of a particular compound within each pulse may vary over time, depending on the duration of the pulse. The duration of each pulse is variable depending upon a number of factors such as, for example, the volume capacity of the process chamber employed, the vacuum system coupled thereto, and the volatility/reactivity of the particular compound itself.

[0105] The durations for each pulse/dose are variable and may be adjusted to accommodate, for example, the volume capacity of the processing chamber as well as the capabilities of a vacuum system coupled thereto. Additionally, the dose time of a compound may vary according to the flow rate of the compound, the pressure of the compound, the temperature of the compound, the type of dosing valve, the type of control system employed, as well as the ability of the compound to adsorb onto the substrate surface. Dose times may also vary based upon the type of layer being formed and the geometry of the device. In general, a dose time should be long enough to provide a volume of compound sufficient to adsorb/chemisorb onto substantially the entire surface of the substrate and form a layer of the desired thickness of the compound thereon.

[0106] The term “compound” is intended to include one or more precursors, oxidants, reductants, reactants, and catalysts, or a combination thereof. The term “compound” is also intended to include a grouping of compounds, such as when two or more compounds are introduced in a processing system at the same time. For example, a grouping of compounds may include one or more catalysts and one or more precursors. The term “compound” is further intended to include one or more precursors, oxidants, reductants, reactants, and catalysts, or a combination thereof in an activated or otherwise energized state, such as by disassociation or ionization.

[0107] It is believed that the surface attraction used to physisorb, adsorb, absorb, or chemisorb a monolayer of reactants on a substrate surface are self-limiting in that only one monolayer may be deposited onto the substrate surface during a given pulse because the substrate surface has a finite number of sites available for the reactants. Once the finite number of sites is occupied by the reactants, further deposition of the reactants will be blocked. The cycle may be repeated to a desired thickness of the tantalum nitride layer.

[0108] For clarity and ease of description, the method will be further described as it relates to the deposition of a tantalum nitride (TaN) barrier layer using a cyclical deposition technique. Pulses of a tantalum containing compound, such as pentadimethylamino-tantalum (PDMAT; Ta(NMe₂)₅), may be introduced by gas source 238 through valve 242A. The tantalum containing compound may be provided with the aid of a carrier gas, which includes, but is not limited to, helium (He), argon (Ar), nitrogen (N₂), hydrogen (H₂), and combinations thereof. Pulses of a nitrogen containing compound, such as ammonia, may be introduced by gas source 239 through valve 242A. A carrier gas may also be used to help deliver the nitrogen containing compound. A purge gas, such as argon, may be introduced by gas source 240 through valve 242A and/or through valve 242B. In one aspect, the flow of purge gas may be continuously provided by gas sources 240 through valves 242A, 242B to act as a purge gas between the pulses of the tantalum containing compound and of the nitrogen containing compound and to act as a carrier gas during the pulses of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound. In one aspect, delivering a purge gas through two gas conduits 250A, 250B provides a more complete purge of the reaction zone 264 rather than a purge gas provided through one gas conduit 250A, 250B. In one aspect, a reactant gas may be delivered through one gas conduit 250A, 250B since uniformity of flow of a reactant gas, such as a tantalum containing compound or a nitrogen containing compound, is not as critical as uniformity of the purge gas due to the self-limiting absorption process of the reactants on the surface of substrate structures. In other embodiments, a purge gas may be provided in pulses. In other embodiments, a purge gas may be provided in more or less than two gas flows. In other embodiments, a tantalum containing gas may be provided in more than a single gas flow (i.e. two or more gas flows). In other embodiments, a nitrogen containing may be provided in more than a single gas flow (i.e. two or more gas flows).

[0109] Other examples of tantalum containing compounds, include, but are not limited to, other organo-metallic precursors or derivatives thereof, such as pentaethylmethylamino-tantalum (PEMAT; Ta[N(C₂H₅CH₃)₂]₅), pentadiethylaminotantalum (PDEAT; Ta(NEt₂)₅,), and any and all derivatives of PEMAT, PDEAT, or PDMAT. Other tantalum containing compounds include without limitation TBTDET (Ta(NEt₂)₃NC₄H₉ or C₁₆H₃₉N₄Ta) and tantalum halides, for example TaX₅ where X is fluorine (F), bromine (Br) or chlorine (Cl), and/or derivatives thereof. Other nitrogen containing compounds may be used which include, but are not limited to, N_(x)H_(y) with x and y being integers (e.g., hydrazine (N₂H₄)), dimethyl hydrazine ((CH₃)₂N2H2), t-butylhydrazine (C₄H₉N₂H₃) phenylhydrazine (C₆H₅N₂H₃), other hydrazine derivatives, a nitrogen plasma source (e.g., N₂, N₂/H₂, NH₃, or a N₂H₄ plasma), 2,2′-azoisobutane ((CH₃)₆C₂N₂), ethylazide (C₂H₅N₃), and other suitable gases. Other examples of purge gases include, but are not limited to, helium (He), nitrogen (N₂), hydrogen (H₂), other gases, and combinations thereof.

[0110] The tantalum nitride layer formation is described as starting with the adsorption of a monolayer of a tantalum containing compound on the substrate followed by a monolayer of a nitrogen containing compound. Alternatively, the tantalum nitride layer formation may start with the adsorption of a monolayer of a nitrogen containing compound on the substrate followed by a monolayer of the tantalum containing compound. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a pump evacuation alone between pulses of reactant gases may be used to prevent mixing of the reactant gases.

[0111] The time duration for each pulse of the tantalum containing compound, the time duration for each pulse of the nitrogen containing compound, and the duration of the purge gas between pulses of the reactants are variable and depend on the volume capacity of a deposition chamber employed as well as a vacuum system coupled thereto. For example, (1) a lower chamber pressure of a gas will require a longer pulse time; (2) a lower gas flow rate will require a longer time for chamber pressure to rise and stabilize requiring a longer pulse time; and (3) a large-volume chamber will take longer to fill, longer for chamber pressure to stabilize thus requiring a longer pulse time. Similarly, time between each pulse is also variable and depends on volume capacity of the process chamber as well as the vacuum system coupled thereto. In general, the time duration of a pulse of the tantalum containing compound or the nitrogen containing compound should be long enough for adsorption of a monolayer of the compound. In one aspect, a pulse of a tantalum containing compound may still be in the chamber when a pulse of a nitrogen containing compound enters. In general, the duration of the purge gas and/or pump evacuation should be long enough to prevent the pulses of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound from mixing together in the reaction zone.

[0112] Generally, a pulse time of about 1.0 second or less for a tantalum containing compound and a pulse time of about 1.0 second or less for a nitrogen containing compound are typically sufficient to absorb alternating monolayers on a substrate structure. A time of about 1.0 second or less between pulses of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound is typically sufficient for the purge gas, whether a continuous purge gas or a pulse of a purge gas, to prevent the pulses of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound from mixing together in the reaction zone. Of course, a longer pulse time of the reactants may be used to ensure absorption of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound and a longer time between pulses of the reactants may be used to ensure removal of the reaction by-products.

[0113] During deposition, the substrate 210 may be maintained approximately below a thermal decomposition temperature of a selected tantalum containing compound. An exemplary heater temperature range to be used with tantalum containing compounds identified herein is approximately between about 20° C. and about 500° C. at a chamber pressure less than about 100 torr, preferably less than 50 torr. When the tantalum containing gas is PDMAT, the heater temperature is preferably between about 100° C. and about 300° C., more preferably between about 175° C. and 250° C., and the chamber pressure is between about 1.0 and about 5.0 torr. In other embodiments, it should be understood that other temperatures and pressures may be used. For example, a temperature above a thermal decomposition temperature may be used. However, the temperature should be selected so that more than 50 percent of the deposition activity is by absorption processes. In another example, a temperature above a thermal decomposition temperature may be used in which the amount of decomposition during each precursor deposition is limited so that the growth mode will be similar to an atomic layer deposition growth mode.

[0114] An exemplary process of depositing a tantalum nitride layer by cyclical deposition, comprises providing pulses of pentadimethylamino-tantalum (PDMAT) from gas source 238 at a flow rate between about 100 sccm and about 1000 sccm, preferably between about 100 sccm and about 400 sccm, through valve 242A for a pulse time of about 0.5 seconds or less, about 0.1 seconds or less, or about 0.05 seconds or less due the smaller volume of the reaction zone 264. Pulses of ammonia may be provided from gas source 239 at a flow rate between about 100 sccm and about 1000 sccm, preferably between 200 sccm and about 600 sccm, through valve 242B for a pulse time of about 0.5 seconds or less, about 0.1 seconds or less, or about 0.05 seconds or less due to a smaller volume of the reaction zone 264. An argon purge gas at a flow rate between about 100 sccm and about 1000 sccm, preferably, between about 100 sccm and about 400 sccm, may be continuously provided from gas source 240 through valves 242A, 242B. The time between pulses of the tantalum containing compound and the nitrogen containing compound may be about 0.5 seconds or less, about 0.1 seconds or less, or about 0.07 seconds or less due to the smaller volume of the reaction zone 264. It is believed that a pulse time of about 0.016 seconds or more is required to fill the reaction zone 264 with a reactant gas and/or a purge gas. The heater temperature preferably is maintained between about 100° C. and about 300° C. at a chamber pressure between about 1.0 and about 5.0 torr. This process provides a tantalum nitride layer in a thickness between about 0.5 Å and about 1.0 Å per cycle. The alternating sequence may be repeated until a desired thickness is achieved.

[0115] In one embodiment, the layer, such as a tantalum nitride layer, is deposited to a sidewall coverage of about 50 Å or less. In another embodiment, the layer is deposited to a sidewall coverage of about 20 Å or less. In still another embodiment, the layer is deposited to a sidewall coverage of about 10 Å or less. A tantalum nitride layer with a thickness of about 10 Å or less is believed to be a sufficient thickness in the application as a barrier layer to prevent copper diffusion. In one aspect, a thin barrier layer may be used to advantage in filling sub-micron (e.g., less than 0.15 μm) and smaller features having high aspect ratios (e.g., greater than 5 to 1). Of course, a layer having a sidewall coverage of greater than 50 Å may be used.

[0116] Embodiments of cyclical deposition have been described above as absorption of a monolayer of reactants on a substrate. The present invention also includes embodiments in which the reactants are deposited to more or less than a monolayer. The present invention also includes embodiments in which the reactants are not deposited in a self-limiting manner. The present invention also includes embodiments in which deposition occurs in mainly a chemical vapor deposition process in which the reactants are delivered sequentially or simultaneously.

[0117] Embodiments of cyclical deposition have been described above as the deposition of a binary compound of tantalum nitride utilizing pulses of two reactants. In the deposition of other elements or compounds, pulses of two or more reactants may also be used.

[0118] While foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow. 

1. A chamber, comprising: a substrate support having a substrate receiving surface; a chamber lid comprising a gradually expanding passageway extending downwardly from a central portion of the chamber lid and a bottom surface extending from the passageway to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid, the bottom surface shaped and sized to substantially cover the substrate receiving surface; one or more valves in fluid communication with the gradually expanding passageways; and one or more gas sources in fluid communication with each valve.
 2. The chamber of claim 1, further comprising one or more gas conduits fluidly connecting the one or more valves and the passageway and disposed normal to a longitudinal axis of the passageway.
 3. The chamber of claim 2, wherein the one or more gas conduits are disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the passageway.
 4. The chamber of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the chamber lid comprises a tapered surface extending from the central portion of the covering member, the tapered surface comprising a surface selected from the group consisting of a straight surface, a concave surface, a convex surface, or combinations thereof.
 5. The chamber of claim 1, wherein the passageway is shaped as a truncated cone.
 6. The chamber of claim 1, wherein the passageway comprises an upper portion and a lower portion, the upper portion having a smaller inner diameter than the lower portion.
 7. The chamber of claim 1, wherein a common purge gas source is coupled to each valve and wherein separate reactant gas sources are coupled to each valve.
 8. The chamber of claim 1, further comprising a choke disposed on the chamber lid adjacent a perimeter of the bottom surface.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional area of the reaction zone is substantially uniform from the passageway to the periphery of the reaction zone.
 10. A chamber, comprising: a substrate support having a substrate receiving surface; a chamber lid comprising an expanding channel extending from a central portion of the chamber lid and comprising a tapered bottom surface extending from the expanding channel to a peripheral portion of the chamber lid; one or more gas conduits disposed around an upper portion of the expanding channel, wherein the one or more gas conduits are disposed at an angle from a center of the expanding channel; one or more valves coupled to the gradually expanding channel; and a choke disposed on the chamber lid adjacent a perimeter of the tapered bottom surface.
 11. The chamber of claim 10, wherein the one or more gas conduits are disposed normal to a longitudinal axis of the expanding channel.
 12. The chamber of claim 10, wherein the one or more gas conduits are disposed at an angle to a longitudinal axis of the expanding channel.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the cross-sectional area of the reaction zone is substantially uniform from the passageway to the periphery of the reaction zone.
 14. The chamber of claim 9, wherein the one or more valves is mounted on the chamber lid.
 15. The chamber of claim 9, wherein the one or more valves is mounted below the chamber body.
 16. The chamber of claim 9, further comprising a canister adapted to hold a tantalum containing compound, the canister being at a temperature between about 60° C. and about 70° C.
 17. A method of delivering gases to a substrate in a substrate processing chamber, comprising: providing one or more gases into the substrate processing chamber in an initial circular direction over a central portion of the substrate; reducing the velocity of the gases through non-adiabatic expansion; providing the gases to a central portion of the substrate; and directing the gases radially across the substrate from the central portion of the substrate to a peripheral portion of the substrate at a substantially uniform velocity.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein a substantially uniform velocity comprises a ratio of a maximum velocity over a minimum velocity of about 2.0 or less.
 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing the gases toward a central portion of the substrate in a downwardly flow path at a second velocity, wherein the second velocity is less than the first velocity.
 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing the gases from the edge of the substrate in a radial direction at a third velocity, wherein the third velocity is greater than the substantially uniform velocity. 